Background information | |
---|---|
Birth name | Charles Joseph Bolden |
Born | September 6, 1877 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
Died | November 4, 1931 (aged 54) Jackson, Louisiana, U.S. |
Genres | Jazz, blues |
Occupation(s) | Musician |
Instruments | Cornet |
Charles Joseph 'Buddy' Bolden (September 6, 1877 – November 4, 1931) was an African-Americancornetist who was regarded by contemporaries as a key figure in the development of a New Orleans style of ragtime music, or 'jass', which later came to be known as jazz.
- 5Tributes to Bolden
Childhood[edit]
Buddy Bolden kick-started his career by performing in the Papa Jack Laines Reliance Brass Band. Papa Jack Laines is often credited as the 'Patriarch of Jazz.' Bolden formed a number of his own bands in the mid-1890s, seeking a perfect amalgam of sound. Toward the end of the century he found it. Mar 28, 2019 Correction: Buddy Bolden is standing second from the left in the photograph above. Doug MacCash has the best job in the world, covering art.
Bolden's father, Westmore Bolden, worked as a 'driver' for William Walker, the former master of Buddy's grandfather Gustavus Bolden (who died in 1866) at the time of Buddy's birth; his mother, Alice (née Harris), was 18 on August 14, 1873, when she married Westmore (who was around 25 at the time, as records indicate he was 19 in August 1866). His father died when Buddy was six, after which the boy lived with his mother and family members.[1] In records of the period the family name is variously spelled Bolen, Bolding, Boldan, and Bolden, thus complicating research.[2] Buddy likely attended Fisk School in New Orleans, though evidence is circumstantial, as early records of this and other local schools are missing.[3]
Musical career[edit]
Bolden was known as 'King' Bolden[4] (see Jazz royalty), and his band was popular in New Orleans from around 1900 to 1907. He was known for his loud sound and improvisational skills, and his style had an impact on younger musicians. Bolden's trombonist Willie Cornish (among others) recalled making phonograph cylinder recordings with the Bolden band, but there are no known surviving copies.[5]
The Bolden band around 1905 (top: Jimmy Johnson, bass; Bolden, cornet; Willy Cornish, valve trombone; Willy Warner, clarinet; bottom: Brock Mumford, guitar; Frank Lewis, clarinet
Many early jazz musicians credited Bolden and his bandmates with having originated what came to be known as jazz, though the term was not in common musical use until after the era of Bolden's prominence. At least one writer has labeled Bolden the father of jazz.[6] He is credited with creating a looser, more improvised version of ragtime and adding blues; Bolden's band was said to be the first to have brass instruments play the blues. He was also said to have adapted ideas from gospel music heard in uptown African-AmericanBaptist churches.[citation needed]
Instead of imitating other cornetists, Bolden played music he heard 'by ear' and adapted it to his horn. In doing so, he created an exciting and novel fusion of ragtime, black sacred music, marching-band music, and rural blues. He rearranged the typical New Orleans dance band of the time to better accommodate the blues: string instruments became the rhythm section, and the front-line instruments were clarinets, trombones, and Bolden's cornet. Bolden was known for his powerful, loud, 'wide open' playing style.[7]Joe 'King' Oliver, Freddie Keppard, Bunk Johnson, and other early New Orleans jazz musicians were directly inspired by his playing.[citation needed]
No known recordings of Bolden have survived. His trombonist Willy Cornish asserted that Bolden's band had made at least one phonograph cylinder in the late 1890s. Three other old-time New Orleans musicians, George Baquet, Alphonse Picou and Bob Lyons also remembered a recording session ('Turkey in the Straw', according to Baquet) in the early 1900s. The researcher Tim Brooks believes that these cylinders, if they existed, may have been privately recorded for local music dealers and were never commercially distributed.[citation needed]
Some of the songs first associated with his band, such as the traditional song 'Careless Love' and 'My Bucket's Got a Hole in It', are still standards. Bolden often closed his shows with the original number 'Get Out of Here and Go Home', although for more 'polite' gigs, the last number would be 'Home! Sweet Home!'.[citation needed]
One of the most famous Bolden numbers is 'Funky Butt' (later known as 'Buddy Bolden's Blues'), which represents one of the earliest references to the concept of funk in popular music. Bolden's 'Funky Butt' was, as Danny Barker once put it, a reference to the olfactory effect of an auditorium packed full of sweaty people 'dancing close together and belly rubbing.'[8] 'Funky Butt' was one of many in the Bolden repertory with rude or off-color lyrics popular in some of the rougher places where he played; Bolden's trombonist Willy Cornish claimed authorship. It became so well known as a rude song that even whistling the melody on a public street was considered offensive. The melody was incorporated into an early published ragtime number, 'St. Louis Tickle.'[citation needed]
Bolden is also credited with the invention of the 'Big Four', a key rhythmic innovation on the marching band beat, which gave embryonic jazz much more room for individual improvisation. As Wynton Marsalis explains,[9] the big four (below)[10] was the first syncopated bass drum pattern to deviate from the standard on-the-beat march.[11] The second half of the Big Four is the pattern commonly known as the hambone rhythm developed from sub-Saharan African music traditions.
Physical and mental decline[edit]
Bolden suffered an episode of acute alcoholic psychosis in 1907 at age 30. With the full diagnosis of dementia praecox (today called schizophrenia), he was admitted to the Louisiana State Insane Asylum at Jackson, a mental institution, where he spent the rest of his life.[7][8]
Further life and legend[edit]
While there is substantial first-hand oral history about Bolden, facts about his life continue to be lost amidst colorful myth. Stories about his being a barber by trade or that he published a scandal sheet called The Cricket have been repeated in print despite being debunked decades earlier [12]
Tributes to Bolden[edit]
Music[edit]
A statue commemorating Bolden in Louis Armstrong Park, New Orleans
- Sidney Bechet wrote and composed 'Buddy Bolden Stomp' in Bolden's honor.[citation needed]
- Duke Ellington paid tribute to Bolden in his 1957 suite A Drum Is a Woman. The trumpet part was taken by Clark Terry.
- The Bolden band tune 'Funky Butt', better known as 'Buddy Bolden's Blues' since it was first recorded under that title by Jelly Roll Morton, alternatively titled 'I Thought I Heard Buddy Bolden Say,' has been covered by hundreds of artists, including Dr. John, on his album Goin' Back to New Orleans, and Hugh Laurie, on his album Let Them Talk.
- 'Hey, Buddy Bolden' is a song on the album Nina Simone Sings Ellington.
- Wynton Marsalis speaks about Bolden in an introduction and performs 'Buddy Bolden' on his album Live at the Village Vanguard.
- The Buddyprisen, or Buddy Award, is the prime award honoring Norwegian jazz musicians.
- Hop Along wrote 'Buddy in the Parade' as a tribute to Bolden.[13]
Fiction[edit]
Bolden has inspired a number of fictional characters with his name.
- The Canadian author Michael Ondaatje wrote a novel Coming Through Slaughter, which features a 'Buddy Bolden' character who in some ways resembles Bolden, but in other ways is deliberately contrary to what is known about him.
- The character of Buddy Bolden helps Samuel Clemens solve a murder in Peter J. Heck's novel, A Connecticut Yankee in Criminal Court (1996).[citation needed]
- Bolden is featured as a prominent character in David Fulmer's murder mystery Chasing the Devil's Tail,[14] in which he is a bandleader and a suspect in the murders. He also appears by reputation or in person in Fulmer's other books.[citation needed]
- He is a notable character in Louis Maistros' novel The Sound of Building Coffins,[15] which contains many scenes depicting Bolden playing his cornet.
- In Tiger Rag, Nicholas Christopher tells the story of Bolden and the lost cylinders he recorded with his group.[citation needed]
Plays and films[edit]
- Bolden is featured in August Wilson's play Seven Guitars. Wilson's drama includes the character King Hedley, whose father named him after King Buddy Bolden. King Hedley constantly sings, 'I thought I heard Buddy Bolden say...' and believes that Bolden will come down and bring him money to buy a plantation.
- Wilson's King Hedley II continues the story of Seven Guitars, and also refers to Bolden.[citation needed]
- A biopic about Bolden, titled Bolden!, was released in 2019. Gary Carr portrays Bolden.[16]
- In 2011, Interact Theater in Minneapolis created a new musical theater piece entitled Hot Jazz at da Funky Butt in which Bolden was the feature character. The music and lyrics were by Aaron Gabriel and featured the New Orleans Band 'Rue Fiya'. The song 'Dat's How Da Music Do Ya' featured the Buddy Bolden Blues.
- An immersive music-theater piece called Playing Hot was presented by Pipeline Theater Company in New York City in 2016, with an Off-Brodway production slated for spring 2019. Playing Hot was created by Kevin Armento and Jaki Bradley.[citation needed]
- A three channel video installation, 'Precarity', was created by the British experimental filmmaker John Akomfrah in 2017 as a commissioned piece for the Ogden Museum and the Nasher Museum exploring themes related to the life of Buddy Boldon.
References[edit]
- ^Marquis, Donald M. In Search of Buddy Bolden. p. 11–18.
- ^Marquis, Donald M. In Search of Buddy Bolden. p. 19.
- ^Marquis, Donald M. In Search of Buddy Bolden. pp. 29–30.
- ^Greenberg, Blue, 'New exhibit on jazz 'King' Buddy Bolden at Duke's Nasher Museum is a story of the South',The Herald-Sun (Durham, NC), May 21, 2018
- ^see Donald M. Marquis: In Search of Buddy Bolden, p.107: '... on that fabled cylinder, according to Willie Cornish, they [Buddy Bolden's band] had recorded a couple of marches.' In the 2005 epilogue to the book (p.158-159) Marquis also discusses these recordings that have not been found. On pages 44-45 of the same book the question is discussed in detail. Marquis concludes: 'That the cylinder was made is quite believable; that it is gone forever is even more believable...' (p. 44)
- ^Gioia, Ted. The History of Jazz. Oxford/ and New York, 1997. p. 34.
- ^ abBarlow, William. 'Looking Up At Down': The Emergence of Blues Culture. Temple University Press (1989), pp. 188-91. ISBN0-87722-583-4.
- ^ ab'Two Films Unveil a Lost Jazz Legend'. National Public Radio. December 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
By most accounts, a mix of alcohol and mental illness sent Bolden into an asylum in 1907; he stayed there until his death in 1931.
- ^'What Is the Big Four Beat? - Jazz & More'. Jazz.nuvvo.com. 2008-11-24. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^'Jazz and Math: Rhythmic Innovations', PBS.org. The Wikipedia example shown in half time, compared to the source.
- ^Marsalis, Wynton. Jazz. (DVD, n. 1). 2000. PBS.
- ^See Marquis, Donald M. In Search of Buddy Bolden. pp. 58, 92: 'In asking questions about Bolden, if the barbershop, the Cricket, girls, loudness, and 'Funky Butt' are all that is mentioned, one can surmise that rather than actually having known Bolden the person has merely read Jazzman' (the rather inaccurate account, as Marquis proves, by Charles Edward Smith and Frederic Ramsay Jr., the editors of that book; see Marquis, pp. 3–4).
- ^'Hop Along's 'Painted Shut' Invokes Two Mysterious Musicians'. NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
- ^'CDTPraise'. Davidfulmer.com. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^'Welcome'. Louis Maistros. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
- ^Fleming Jr, Mike (28 May 2014). 'Seven Years After Production Began, Dan Pritzker's 'Bolden' Skeds New Shoot, Sans Star Anthony Mackie'. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Further reading[edit]
- Barker, Danny, 1998, Buddy Bolden and the Last Days of Storyville. New York: Continuum. p. 31.
- Marquis, Donald. In Search Of Buddy Bolden: First Man Of Jazz. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN0-8071-3093-1.
External links[edit]
- Buddy Bolden at Curlie
- Buddy Bolden on National Public Radio
- Bolden! on IMDb
- The Real Buddy Bolden The Syncopated Times
- 'Charles 'Buddy' Bolden, RedHotJazz.com, Biography with suggested reading
- Buddy Bolden Biography, PBS, Jazz, A Film by Ken Burns
- Buddy Bolden at Find a Grave
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddy_Bolden&oldid=900021046'
![Biography Biography](http://www.doctorjazz.co.uk/buddycv.jpg)
Daniel Pritzker strolls the gritty streets of 1901 New Orleans with a light touch and a low-key confidence. A chat with the marching band, a question about continuity and he's ready for another take on Bolden!, his film about Buddy Bolden, the doomed cornet player credited with inventing jazz. Nine hours later, the temperature has dropped 25 degrees and midnight has long passed, yet Pritzker patiently works through minor glitches derailing a fight scene, seeming for all the world like an experienced director.
In a weird way he is. This is Pritzker's third film—kind of. This shoot represents his third attempt to make his first movie, this movie, one of the most unusual sagas in obsessive filmmaking since Werner Herzog hauled a ship up a mountain in the Amazon to make Fitzcarraldo. 'I'm trying to do something I hope is worthy of the subject,' he says referring to Bolden, New Orleans and jazz.
In 2007, Pritzker began filming Bolden!, starring Anthony Mackie, Wendell Pierce and Jackie Earle Haley. Dissatisfied with the results, he undertook extensive reshoots two years later. Frustrated by conflicts on-set and unable to captured the movie he saw in his head, he put Bolden! aside. But this year, with a fresh approach, a handpicked crew and new leads—Gary Carr, Erik LaRay Harvey and Ian McShane—he returned to start over. 'We might be making the first $50 million art house movie,' jokes McShane.
Directors who don't succeed at first don't typically get to try, try again. But most aren't billionaires, a scion of the family that founded the Marmon Group (an industrial conglomerate) and the Hyatt Hotel chain, and one of 10 siblings or cousins in the Forbes 400. So Pritzker, 55, answers to no studio or backers watching the bottom line.
Amiable and open, Pritzker does not wear his wealth on the sleeve of his flannel shirt (which goes with his understated jeans, T-shirt and sneakers), but he is aware of his good—and vast—fortune. 'I'm in the lucky position to have the opportunity to do this,' he acknowledges in October in a trailer on the set at Atlanta's Goat Farm Arts Center, where he has re-created the New Orleans that made Bolden a household name in his time.
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Bolden was an innovative cornet player; beginning around 1895, he blended gospel, blues, ragtime and improvisation in a unique style that was loud and fearless. It might be a tad hyperbolic to claim Bolden invented jazz, but he was certainly a founder and the man who made the trumpet this new form's centerpiece. 'Jazz doesn't seem radical now, but imagine what this sound was doing to people at the time,' Pritzker says.
Bolden was a womanizer and heavy drinker, and after an alcohol-induced breakdown in 1907 he was institutionalized with what would probably be diagnosed as schizophrenia, and he deteriorated, largely alone and forgotten, until his death in 1931. Pritzker, who once operated on the credo 'the movie will be done when it's done,' has changed his tune. His new mantra: 'I have to get Buddy Bolden to go crazy in this movie before I do.'
Pritzker never planned on directing a film, much less devoting years to an obscure historical figure. In Chicago he had founded a rock-soul-funk band, Sonia Dada, which achieved modest success in the early 1990s with a single, 'You Don't Treat Me No Good.' He veered onto this new path in 1996 after a stray comment backstage between sets. Pritzker asked an acquaintance what he was reading; it was a book about the man who 'invented jazz.'
Pritzker was instantly intrigued. 'It struck me as ridiculous [to say] that someone invented jazz,' he recalls, 'but [it also struck me] as tragic, poetic and quintessentially American that [jazz]— which changed not only music but the way we walk, the way we talk, the way we look at time'—was started by a black musician who had been forgotten.
He dug in, studying Bolden, early jazz and the racial and cultural history of New Orleans after Reconstruction, such as the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson. Only one photo of Bolden and his band exists, and no music (if any was ever recorded) survives. Much of his story is shrouded in myth, tales told after his death by aging jazz musicians.
When Pritzker began writing his movie, he called Donald M. Marquis, author of the meticulously researched In Search of Buddy Bolden: First Man of Jazz, and visited him in New Orleans for a personalized history tour. Marquis showed him Bolden's now vacant home on First Street and the sites of long-gone spots where Bolden played.
Pritzker approached a friend who was a movie producer, Jon Cornick (State and Main). He had no script—'I didn't know POV from LSD,' he says—just a raw, lengthy outline. 'I didn't know what Final Draft was,' he says, referring to the computer formatting program many screenwriters use. 'Jon looked at me like I was crazy.'
'I thought it was very ambitious to say the least,' Cornick says, laughing. And Pritzker was just getting started. He'd originally intended to hand over his script to a director, 'but my wife, Karen, said, 'You're a megalomaniac, you're going to want to be in control of this.' Suddenly, Pritzker was also a film director.
Cornick brought in Derick and Steven Martini (Lymelife) to help write a shootable screenplay. He also connected Pritzker with New Orleans native and jazz legend Wynton Marsalis, who agreed to score the film. By 2007, Pritzker was ready, though he remained shockingly naive—he decided he'd simultaneously make a silent film about a young Louis Armstrong with the same cast and set. 'I thought, There are efficiencies here, and I'll shoot this in the morning and that in the afternoon,' Pritzker says. 'I had no idea.'
He was unprepared for the demands of directing: being on his feet, peppered with questions, solving problems for 12-hour stretches. 'It really ran me down,' he says. But the biggest surprise was the politics of a movie set. 'I figured it's my show, so I get to do what I want,' he says, but certain crew and cast members saw things differently. 'It was an interesting lesson. The conflict really beats the hell out of you.'
Despite these woes, Martini says Pritzker had the makings of a good movie, potentially a Robert Altman–esque period piece (think Kansas City). 'But it was not what Dan wanted.'
Pritzker says he wanted something more 'ambitious' and 'surreal' than what he got from his first two rough cuts, and Cornick knew Pritzker would not settle. 'The great thing about this project is that only one person has to like it and that's Dan,' he says. (He did create his silent film, Louis, from the footage, and Marsalis brought a live orchestra to accompany it at screenings around the country in 2010.)
Beyond his inexperience in figuring out how to achieve his vision, there was one other crucial issue—the leading man. 'Dan just wasn't satisfied with Mackie [Hurt Locker],' says Marquis.
Pritzker prefers a tactful silence (and Mackie would not comment), but he says Mackie's replacement, Downton Abbey's Gary Carr, was an eager student. When he was told to learn to fake playing the trumpet, he instead took lessons and can now play the instrument. He also went to New Orleans, researched schizophrenia and peppered Marquis with questions about Bolden.
Pritzker immerses himself in every detail—from making sure the actors in that fight scene don't seem too polished to discussing how the transverse abdominal muscle looks in the pregnancy prosthetic—but he's happy to seek advice, especially since it keeps the cast and crew emotionally invested in the movie.
This time he's more comfortable being the boss. In his band, his leadership style had been fairly loose and informal, which didn't translate well to the large-scale operation of a film, and he was taken aback by the expectations of an almost military organization on the set. 'It's just not my character,' he says. (His approach includes having his wife and daughter, Cindy—one of five children—helping on the set; Cindy deferred college to work on the film.)
Cornick says this evolution was all part of Pritzker's 'learning curve.' But there was a price to pay for making this movie at his own pace. While Pritzker trumpets the talents of Pierce and Haley and both had been eager to return, his timetable meant both men had other commitments when shooting commenced. (Pierce and Haley would not speak for the story; neither would Marsalis.)
Adding McShane (Deadwood) as the powerful and immoral Judge Perry, was a coup. McShane not only read the script but read up on Pritzker and came away impressed. 'He's a billionaire renaissance man,' McShane says, adding that Pritzker was open to discussions about making his character more than 'a one-dimensional evil white guy.'
The film wrapped after six weeks in Atlanta in October, and by mid-November they were in Wilmington, North Carolina, for interior asylum scenes. Everyone will move to New Orleans for a week in late January to film exteriors and club scenes in Preservation Hall, and shooting should wrap, Cornick believes, by early March. He says it is now a question of when, not if, the movie ever sees the dark of theaters.
Just a few days earlier, Pritzker says, after Cornick had praised a completed take of a scene, 'I pulled on Jon's sleeve and said, 'So does this mean I shouldn't go home tonight and work on rewriting the scene again?' And Jon said, 'No, it's over.'
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